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МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ по выполнению ДКР по дисциплине: «Иностранный язык (профессиональная лексика)» Настоящая домашняя контрольная работа предназначена для учащихся заочного отделения специальности 2-36 03 31 «Монтаж и эксплуатация электрооборудования». Основной целевой установкой обучения иностранному языку является получение информации из иноязычного источника, поэтому особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов. Понимание текста достигается при осуществлении двух видов чтения: изучающего и чтения с общим охватом содержания. Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путём изучающего чтения, которое предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ текста. Итогом изучающего является адекватный перевод текста на родной язык с помощью словаря. При этом развиваются навыки пользования отраслевыми терминологическими словарями и словарями сокращений. Читая текст, предназначенный для понимания общего содержания, необходимо, нс обращаясь к словарю, понять основной смысл прочитанного. Оба вида чтения складываются из следующих умений: догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе словообразовательных признаков и контекста; видеть интернациональные слова и определять их значение; находить знакомые грамматические фразы и конструкции и устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке; применять знания по специальным, общетехническим предметам в качестве основы смысловой и языковой догадки. Представленные контрольные работы включают в себя тексты по тематике учебной программы и задания к ним. Степень полноты и глубины понимания информации текста проверяется переводом. Контрольная работа включает 5 заданий:
Контрольные работы представлены и К) варнакілк |
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ВАРИАНТ № 1 |
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Electricity It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable. With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances have become a part of our everyday lives. Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used. The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator — a new compact source of electricity — was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before. Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors were designed. Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years. Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future. |
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трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки; электроприборы, экономящие время и труд; индукционные моторы; на душу населения; побочные продукты; побочные продукты; поистине; потребление; электрический свет. 1 .Electricity
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ВАРИАНТ № 2 |
EECTRICAL GENERATOR In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy usually via electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction works by forcibly moving a loop of wire (a rotor) around a stationary bar (a stator) that provides an electric field, either through a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. By Faraday's law, this induces a current in the rotor, which can be used to power machinery or charge batteries. A generator forces electric current to flow through an external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbipe steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical energy. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids. The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable generators. The electrical generator was first invented by the Hungarian inventor and engineer Anyos Jedlik between 1827 and 1830. Jedlik invented the generator, a simple dynamo, at least six years before Warner von Siemens in Germany and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, whose names are usually associated with the device's invention. Though the electrical generator was invented around 1830, it wouldn't be until Nikola Tesla's pioneering work on rotating magnetic fields around 1882 that generators would become suitable for industrial use. An electric generator or electric motor that uses field coils rather than permanent magnets requires a current to be present in the field coils for the device to be able to work. If the field coils are not powered, the rotor in a generator can spin without producing any usable electrical energy, while the rotor of a motor may not spin at all. The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding. When the generator first starts to turn, the small amount of remanent magnetism present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started, generating a small current in the armature. This flows through the field coils, creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current. Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger. Today, there exist electrical generators of all imaginable sizes, from 3-6 watt generators to power bicycle lights to the hydroelectric generators in the , which will provide 22.5 gigawatts of power when they are fully installed in 2012. The current worldwide production of electricity is about 20,000 terawatt-hours, with about 66% generated through thermal (burning of fossil fuels), 16% through hydro, 15% through nuclear, and 2% through renewables such as wind or solar power. For |
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environmental and health reasons, worldwide efforts are underway to expand electrical production from hydro, nuclear, and renewable sources and reduce electrical production from fossil fuel sources.
Поступательно-вращательный, горение твёрдого топлива, вращающееся магнитное поле, энергия солнца и ветра, возобновляемый, превращать , генератор постоянного тока, возбуждение постоянными магнитами, магнитное поле, преобразовать в электрическую энергию, неподвижный корпус, заряжать батарею, ядерная электростанция, понижающая и повышающая подстанции, очень высокое напряжение, распределение и потребление энергии. |
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ВАРИАНТ №3 |
THE PROFESSION OF AN ELECTRICIAN An electrician specializes in installation, operation, repair, and maintenance of electrical systems. These systems include wiring, circuit boards, and electronics. This profession is incredibly varied, and in some countries it is a very well-paid job. Consumers interact with the work of electricians every day and many people have a preferred electrician for electrical repair around homes and businesses. Some people like to distinguish between an electrician and a lineman. In this sense, an electrician works on internal wiring in homes and other buildings, while a lineman works on outside electrical lines and in power generation facilities. Due to the much higher currents involved in this work, being a lineman can be very dangerous. When a structure is built, an electrician is an important part of the building team. He or she installs conduit in the walls as they are built for the purpose of running electrical wiring, and if built in heating and cooling systems are being installed, an electrician will also install vents and piping for these systems. As the house is finished, the electrician installs electrical sockets for the purpose of plugging in electrical equipment and installing light bulbs. Specialized circuits may also be installed for equipment which drains power, such as stoves and heaters. Electricians may also install complex electrical equipment, and they are familiar with the operation of electronics and the various tools of their trade, from breaker boxes to voltage meters. Maintenance and repair services are also offered by professional electricians, ranging from troubleshooting malfunctioning electric stoves to replacing aged wiring. Many electricians work as freelancers, carrying their equipment with them in vans or trucks and traveling to sites as needed. |
Обходчик, рубильник, сбой в работе электросети, лампочка, оборудование, внутренняя проводка, установка, строительная бригада, потребитель, поддержка работы, электророзетки, инструменты, опытный электрик, услуги 7 |
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по ремонту, установка спецоборудования, опасная работа с электрическим током, ремонт и обслуживание электросети, встроенная сттстема нагревания и охлаждения. к
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ВАРИАНТ №4 |
Working with electricity can be a dangerous business and unfortunately accidents can happen. FUSES: Before removing any fuse from a circuit, be sure the switch for the circuit is open or disconnected. When removing fuses, use an approved fuse puller arid break contact on the hot side of the circuit first. When replacing fuses, install the fuse first into the load side of the fuse clip, then into the line side. GFCI: A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical device which protects personnel by detecting potentially hazardous ground faults and quickly disconnecting power from the circuit. A potentially dangerous ground fault is any amount of current above the level that may deliver a dangerous shock. Any current over 8 mA is considered potentially dangerous depending on the path the current takes, the amount of time exposed to the shock, and the physical condition of the person receiving the shock. GFCIs are required in such places as dwellings, hotels, motels, construction sites, marinas, receptacles near swimming pools and hot tubs, underwater lighting, fountains, and other areas in which a person may experience a ground fault. A GFCI compares the amount of current in the ungrounded (hot) conductor with the amount of current in the neutral conductor. If the current in the neutral conductor becomes less than the current in the hot conductor, a ground fault condition exists. The amount of current that is missing is returned to the source by some path other than the intended path (fault current). ELECTRICAL SHOCK: It’s not the voltage but the current that kills. Electrical shock occurs when a person comes in contact with two conductors of a circuit or |
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when the body becomes part of the electrical circuit.The real measure of a shock's intensity iies in the amount of current (in milliamperes) forced through the body. Any electrical device used on a house wiring circuit can transmit a fatal amount of current. Currents between 100 and 200 milliamperes (0.1 ampere and 0.2 ampere) are fatal. Anything in the neighborhood of 10 milliamperes (0.01) is capable of producing painful to severe shock that can cause the heart and lungs to stop functioning. Also, severe bums may occur where current enters and exits the body. Prevention is the best medicine for electrical shock. Respect all voltages, have knowledge of the principles of electricity, and follow safe work rules. Do not take chances. Always make sure portable electric tools are in safe operating condition. Make sure there is a third wire on the plug for grounding in case of shorts. LOCKOUT / TAGOUT: Electrical power must be removed when electrical equipment is inspected, serviced, or repaired. To ensure the safety of personnel working with the equipment, power is removed and the equipment must be locked out and tagged out. Equipment must be locked out and tagged out before preventive maintenance or servicing is performed. Lockout is the process of removing the source of electrical power and installing a lock which prevents the power from being turned ON. Tag out is the process of placing a danger tag on the source of electrical power which indicates that the equipment may not be operated until the danger tag is removed. CLOTHING and PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Clothing should fit snugly to avoid danger of becoming entangled in moving machinery or creating a tripping or stumbling hazard. Recommended safe work clothes include: a) Thick-soled work shoes for protection against sharp objects such as nails. Wear work shoes with safety toes if the job requires, b) Rubber boots for damp locations, c) A hat or cap. Wear an approved safety helmet (hard hat) if the job requires, d) Confine long hair or keep hair trimmed and avoid placing the head in close proximity to rotating machinery, e) Do not wear jewelry. Gold and silver are excellent conductors of electricity.
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3. Find the English eau |
\ivalents in В to the Russian words in A. |
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A |
В |
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1. обмотка |
a) voltage |
b) winding |
c) insulator |
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2. сила тока |
a) socket |
b) current |
c) amperage |
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3. напряжение |
a) transmission |
b) voltage |
c) wire |
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4. безопасность |
a) safety |
b) hazard |
c) accident |
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5. переменный ток |
a) direct |
b) protective |
c) alternating |
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6. электрическая цепь |
a) current |
b) circuit |
c) socket |
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7. измерительный |
a) insulating |
b) precaution |
c) measuring |
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8. избегать |
a) avoid |
b) touch |
c) generate |
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9. предосторожность |
a) hazard |
b) danger |
c) precaution |
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4. Translate into English. Постоянный ток, напряжение в электрической цепи, измерительный прибор, включить лампочку, поменять предохранитель, избежать удара электрическим током, защитные меры предосторожности, провод заземления, счётчик электрического тока, вырабатывать электроэнергию, опасность большого напряжения, мокрая одежда, отключить электроэнергию, изолированная проводка
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ВАРИАНТ №5
Electricians use a multimeter, either analogue or digital, which combines the functions of three separate instruments. A horseshoe-style permanent magnet, together with a pair of shaped pole-pieces and an iron cylinder, called a ‘concentrator’ form the instrument’s magnetic circuit. The concentrator doesn’t rotate, but is fixed in place between the pole pieces by means of a pair of nonmagnetic brackets. The purpose of the pole pieces and concentrator is to minimize the width of the air gap and to achieve a uniformly-distributed radial magnetic field of maximum flux density within that gap. The instrument’s coil is manufactured from fine insulated copper wire, wound around a rectangular-shaped aluminium ‘former’, which is pivoted on frictionless, jewelled, bearings so that it can rotate through a limited arc within the narrow air gap. A pointer, attached to the coil assembly, moves across a scale as the coil rotates through its arc. The moving coil is electrically connected to the external circuit via a pair of coiled hairsprings, located at opposite ends of the coil, which also act to control the movement of the coil, and to restore the coil and pointer to their ‘rest’ (or ‘zero’) position when there is no current. To prevent the pointer from oscillating whenever it comes to rest, it must be * ‘damped’. The scale across which the moving-coil’s pointer moves, is linear — 10 |
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that is, its graduations are evenly-spaced. Linear scales, of course, are relatively easy to read and is one of the major advantages of a moving-coil movement compared with other types of meter movement such as ‘moving iron’ instruments in which the scale’s graduations vary. All analogue instruments incorporate a mechanical zero set adjustment for precisely locating the pointer over the scale’s zero position. With moving-coil instruments, this is normally provided by an eccentric-screw arrangement which will slightly adjust the ‘relaxed’ position of the hairsprings, enabling the pointer to be brought exactly over its zero position. This action should always be performed before using an instrument to make measurements.
Элемент, амперметр, вольтметр, реостат, подвижная катушка, заглушка, калибровать, многофункциональный счётчик, цифровой, постоянный, поле (полярность), шкала, стрелка, медная проволока, подшипник, пружина, нулевой регулировщик, воздушный зазор, последовательно, вращать. |
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4. Make the word combinations. |
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1. calibrate |
in series |
1 |
to damp |
of the ammeter |
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2. to measure |
a moving coil |
2 |
to rotate |
the ohmeter |
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3. to connect |
electrical current |
3 |
the precision of |
the scale |
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4. the copper wire of |
the scale |
4 |
the scale |
the coil |
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5. the quantity of |
measuring instrument |
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. to check |
measurements |
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6. digital |
accurately |
6. zero adjustment of |
the pointer |
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ВАРИАНТ № 6 |
Electricity Basics Electricity is something we do not notice until we do not have it. However few people understand what it is and still fewer can explain it. Let us try it any away. So, what is electricity? Electricity is simply a movement of charged particles through a closed circuit. The electrons, which flow through this wire, carry a negative charge. A lightning discharge is the same idea, just without the wire. Electricity is made by converting some form of energy into flowing electrons at the power plant. The type of power plant depends on the source of energy used: thermal power (coal, oil, gas, and nuclear, underground steam), solar power (photovoltaic), kinetic power (water, wind) and chemical power (fuel cell) after it ismade. Electricity is sent into a system of cables and wires called a transmission grid. This system enables power plants and end users to be connected together. The basic notions in electricity include following. An Amp (A) is a unit measure of the amount of current in circuit. An ammeter permits the current to be measured. The pressure that forces the current to flow is measured in Volts (V).A transformer is used to change the voltages, of electricity. This allows electricity to be transmitted over long distances at high voltage, but safely used at a lower voltage. A Watt (W) is a unit measure eclectic power that depends on amps and volts. The more watts the bulb uses the more light is produced. Watts=Volts*Amps. An Ohm (O) is a unit measure of material resistance to a flowing current. The filament in this light bulb glows because its high resistance makes it hot. Low resistance of the support wires does not let them glow. The floss has a resistance so high that it does not allow the current to move though it this property makes glass a good insulator.
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3, Complete the table with the data from the text. |
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Symbol |
Unit |
Electrical Notion |
Measuring Device |
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1. |
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ammeter |
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2. |
Volt |
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3. |
- |
resistance |
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4. W |
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Заряженные частицы, преобразовывать, солнечная энергия, провод, отрицательный заряд, каменный уголь, сеть электропередач, топливный элемент, лампочка, изолятор, нить накала, замкнутая цепь, энергия подземного пара, гореть (светиться), сопротивление.
ВАРИАНТ № 7
What is electricity? Electricity is form of energy. Electricity is the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called electrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons. When the balancing force between protons and electrons is upset by an outside force, an atom may gain or lose an electron. When electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the |
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conversion of other natural sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal- burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, everyone’s life changed with the invention of the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. The light bulb’s invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. 1 .What is electricity?
Flow (n), proton, movement, natural gas, generation, cool (v), force, source, neutron, electron, secondary, particle.
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Заряженные частицы, положительно, отрицательно, свободное движейие, природный газ, электрическая лампочка, изобретение, поток, заряжать, уравновешивающая сила, ток, преобразование, зажигать, первичный источник, быть равным.
from. |
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ВАРИАНТ №8 There are two different kinds of electrical current. One is called direct current because electrons are made to move in one direction only. It is usually abbreviated to DC. This kind of electricity is produced by a battery. AC stands for alternating current, which is generated by power stations for domestic and industrial use. The wires in the center of the generator rotate past the North and South poles of the (red) magnet. This movement forces the electrons in the circuit to reverse the direction of their flow. The number of these alterations (or cycles) per second is known as frequency. As domestic supply requires alternating current it is therefore necessary to change it to direct current inside most electrical appliances. A rectifier allows AC to be converted into DC. |
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Power stations are designed to provide electrical energy to large housing developments. .This causes the necessity to-transmit power- from its source, the generating station, to wherever it is required for use, which may be far away, with minimal energy losses. It is cheaper and easier to carry a very high voltage but low current, over long distances. It can be done with the help of thinner overhead conductor wires, with an air gap between them to act as an insulator. A transformer is used to increase or decrease the voltage of an electric power supply. This is a static machine since it has no moving parts. It consists of two coils of wire that are wound around a soft icon core. The coils are called windings, one is the primary, or input winding, and the other is the secondary, or output winding. When current passes through the primary winding, a magnetic field is created around the iron core, which induces a voltage in the secondary winding. If the number of turns in the secondary winding is greater than that in the primary winding it is a step-up transformer and the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. And vice versa, a step-down transformer enables the input voltage to be reduced. A device, which allows an electrical charge to be built up and stored for some time is known as a capacitor (or a condenser). A simple capacitor is made from two metal plates (electrodes), which are separated by an insulator such as air, paper or mica (the dielectric).
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Входная обмотка, выпрямитель, частота, понижающий, повышающий, менять направление, вращаться, провод воздушной линии, непроводник, ток, вырабатывать, воздушный зазор, слюда, ядро, изменение, трансформатор, понижающий трансформатор, наматывать, виток.
ВАРИАНТ №9 L Read the text Translate it into Russian
To measure current, the circuit must be broken at the point where we want that current to be measured, and the ammeter inserted at that point. In other words, an ammeter must be connected in series with the load under test. As it’s very important that the insertion of the ammeter into a circuit has little effect the circuit’s existing resistance and, thus, alter the current normally flowing in the circuit, ammeters are manufactured with very low values of internal resistance. Because ammeters have a very low internal resistance, it is vitally important that they are never connected in parallel with any circuit component —and especially with the supply. Failure to do so will result in a short-circuit current flowing through the instrument which may damage the ammeter (although most ammeters are fused) or even result in personal injury. |
To measure potential-difference, or voltage, a voltmeter must be connected between two points at different potentials. In other words, a voltmeter must always be connected in parallel with the part of the circuit under test. In order to operate, a voltmeter must, of course, draw some current from the circuit under test, and this can lead to inaccurate results because it can interfere with the normal condition of the circuit. We call this the ‘loading effect’ and, to minimise this ‘loading effect’, this operating current must be as small as possible and, for this reason, voltmeters are manufactured with a very high value of internal resistance —usually many megohms. |
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To measure the resistance of a circuit we use an instrument called an ohmmeter. Ohmmeters also provide a convenient way in which to check continuity —that is, to find out whether there are any breaks in a circuit. When checking continuity, we are usually only interested in observing a deflection, and not necessarily the value of the resistance reading. An ohmmeter works by using its internal battery to pass a small test current through the unknown resistance, and measuring the value of that current: the higher the resulting current, of course, the lower the resistance and vice-versa. Its scale, of course, is graduated in ohms and kilohms. The scale of an ohmmeter differs from that of an ammeter or voltmeter, in two very important ways. Firstly, its scale is reversed —i.e. it reads from right to left— with ‘zero ohms’ corresponding to its full-scale deflection. Secondly, the scale is non-linear, with its graduations becoming closer and closer together and, therefore, more difficult to read, at the higher values of resistance (i.e. towards the left-hand end of the scale).
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Instruments |
Used for |
Connection to the circuit |
Its graphical symbol |
Its scale |
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1. Ammeter |
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2. Voltmeter |
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3. Ohmeter |
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Ток, внутреннее сопротивление, цепь, разность потенциалов, ток короткого замыкания, неточные результаты, отклонение, шкала, испытательная нагрузка, соединённый последовательно, соединённый параллельно, электропроводность цепи, шкала обратного направления, нелинейный. |
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ВАРИАНТ № 10 |
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/. Head the text and fill in the table. Tools Needed By Electricians For electrical work an electrician must be equipped with the right and proper equipment. Lately a lot of advanced improvements have been made in regard to the various types of tools that are available. While tool options include some that prove very useful and others that prove to be of minor use, some regular tools are required in most electrical events. Electrician Fools Needed: 1. Hand Tools. To work effectively an electrician needs to possess a number of basic tools. Thanks to the advancement in technology, today's basics arc better than older models and provide more comfort and safety than their predecessors. Screwdrivers come in different shapes and sizes. Today electricians work with different types of fasteners and applicators. 2. Measuring Devices If we take time to observe electricians we would notice that most of them walk mound with their tape devices attached to their belt as most electrical woik require* measurement. 3. Every electrician has fish tapes and pole. Fish Tapes aie used to install new electrical wiring through walls and electrical conduit while Fish poles assist in pulling down wires in ceilings, down walls, or under raised Пиша They work with wire strippers. They are used to strip the insulation than electric wires They arc suitably made to provide Comfort to the hand when being used Fliers are used to hold objects firmly when cutting, bending or giving physical compiession. Iliere are several different types of pliers which arc made fni different put poses; the ones mainly used are side-cutting pliers and long nose oi needle nose pliers. Labeling Machines help to mark materials includes flame II), rack and panel; cable markers and wire; specialty labels and facilities labels 4 Power Tools and Testers can be cordless or corded and these are powered by an electrical motor, internal combustion engine, direct burning of fuels and piopellants, compressed air, or even natural power sources like wind or moving water They arc classified as stationary or portable; portable being a hand held tool As we know, the most used powered tools are drills and saw. The type of saws used varies Tor different type of electric work, and it's the same for power drills. V Safety Equipment is important for an electrician for example, safety glasses, gloves, dielectric footwear, and the necessary clothing etc. This is of utmost Importance to their safety. 2. I ill In the table |
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The action should be done |
The tool is needed |
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1. to attach two things |
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2. to cut through wood |
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3. to put a hole in objects |
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4. to pull wire through PVC or metal conduit |
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5. to cut, twist, and grip wires |
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6. to fix wire to the wall |
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Кусачки, набор отверток, кабелерез, пила, зажим, плоскогубцы, молоток, медный провод, рулетка, уровень, индикатор напряжения, набор ключей, дрель, ножницы электрика, оборудование, измерительные приборы, двигатель внутреннего сгорания, устанавливать электропроводку.
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